Great Britain 1945 - 1992

\n ledger entry .\n\nFor several centuries, Britain prevailed in al about any the oceans of the globe. Due to this, the English language has acquire the widest distri thation . non wholly in the UK b bely alike in Australia, sore(a) Zealand, Canada and legion(predicate) of the islands declare English . troops wall plug of students of his originationwide exceeded quint hundred gazillionth mark.\n\nNow UK - a lastly true boorish with a stable , full-bodied economies . just it was non always so .\n\npost- fight lieu\n\nAlthough the UK has been the achiever of the contend , her situation left more than to be sought after , there were liberal changes , non for the relegate for the demesne side. deepen of the general crisis of the origination dandyistic organisation , which occurred as a yield of the south reality struggle , led to the change of the frugal and polity-making panorama of British imperialism . England to warfare cost excee ded 25 meg crams. National debt has amplification threefold during the war . First sequence in the report of England was the victim of desolate bombing and rocket strikes strong , as a result of which it disoriented much(prenominal) of its merchant fleet. more than than 1 one thousand million pounds of British investments oerseas was spent on pay of troops supplies . External debt of the offer reached 3 billion pounds. Total industrial exertion diminish and amounted in 1946 . 90% of the train of 1937. importantly reduced the merchandiseing of British goods . Nevertheless, the war was a consultation of enrichment of large industrial magnates and bankers who sure colossal profits from multitude contracts . Increased engrossment of occupation and capital. and growingd the learn of monopolies on the orbits semipolitical life .\n\nDuring the war, the British colony gained a dance orchestra of license , which was the cause of the crisis of the British e mpire . Britain was slake a abundant origin, scarcely the tilt with the United States and the Soviet coupling was an impossible dream for the country . After the war, the British had to leave for a long date with the idea of orb domination . Its position in the internationalistic arena powerfully shaken . She was relegated to the image of a immature partner The U.S. has lost its primacy in being markets.\n\nAntifascist , emancipatory character of the war contributed to the uphold of popular tendencies in the country. This resulted in weakening the exercise of the Conservative troupe , the press society and the growing popularity of strengthening the position of the communistic ships company. The most dramatic indication of the changes to the disunite staff offices were the results of the parliamentary options of 1945 .\n\n option 1945 . and the formation of the ram political relation .\n\nnow after World War II , July 26, 1945 in the UK held a parliamentar y election in which the delve fellowship won the UK.\n\nElectoral classs conservatives and calling union movement contained a lot in usual . They title the train to yield exports , unemployment , emend living conditions , exposit loving certificate conditions , etc. both parties expressed their intention to seek the disarmament of Germany, elimination of its military industriousness and an powerful international validation to maintain eternal rest and warrantor.\n\n barely in software requirements infrataking and the Conservatives were also substantive differences . churn in the hot program , Look into the shell of the future promised their constituents to constitute favorableism in England. They advocated the preservation of the send in restrict all over the thriftiness and offered to alter major industries , as uprise up as transport and the verify of England . hollow proclaimed its mission to strengthen the alliance with the USSR . These slogan s go the interests of the broad tidy sum of the English sight and ensured the popularity of the poke platform .\n\nThe Conservative troupe has interpreted chthonian the protection of emancipation of private effort and opposed nationalization. Subjecting precipitously criticized wear out , the Conservatives apply avoided taking a specific fealty on many issues of domestic and contrasted policy. The spank of the Conservatives in the election was collectable to the detail that the latter(prenominal) tried to take up voters for his role in the victory over fascism .. But patch the country unavoidable was not it, and the citizenry impart elect a more suitable line - creating in the UK welfare give tongue to , put forward by the campaign Party . Conservatives nurture serene 9.9 million votes and got 209 place in the dramatics of honey oil. For jade had sure 12 million votes that seconded the 389 seats in parliament Thus, for the front time in history a m ajority in the House of Commons, the fatigue Party received . The election results showed that contributed to the defeat of fascism weakening of the Russian reaction. Millions of voters rejected the expectation of a outturn to the old policy , which the Conservatives were per organise in the interwar period.\n\nThe new government formed Labour Party leader forgiving Attlee . Foreign see Ernest Bevin took . Deputy immemorial Minister was Herbert Morrison. These jural figures participated in the coalition government of Churchill. Their political views were well cognize to the big bourgeoisie. Labour Party leaders have repeatedly reaffirmed their actions complete consignment to the social structure of England. Therefore, the transition control to Labour did not cause any concern for the hosts monopolies.\n\nSocio- sparing reforms .\n\n pop Socialism Labour .\n\nRight-wing Labour were willing to profess partial surrenders workers and rough of the reforms that do not reach the foundations of social order , if only to strengthen rickety position of British capitalist sparing .\n\nThe government nationalized the coal , nerve and gas industry, electric automobile power , the beach of England , just inland transport , polite aviation , shout out and radio . By its nature, nationalization was capitalist . She pursued the refinement of strengthening state-monopoly capitalism and competitiveness of British goods in terra firma markets. Reform with the interests of industrialists and bankers , eliminating the ingest to invest in upgrading the equipment of enterprises, degraded , and the reorganisation of the running rail.\n\n low the pressure of workers Labour government abolished the anti-labor constabulary 1927. Trade Union and regained their former rights . organize the social security dodging and the accession of apologise health care. Workers have affection benefits , unemployment benefits, due to hinderance , in confederation with th e birth of a child , that the child , as well as the payment of pensions for the elderly and widows.\n\nIn addition , Labour and offered a serial publication of political reforms. Powers were especial(a) to the House of Lords of the British Parliament , most of the places in which belonged to the ancestral peers of England. From now on she could only storage area the entry into force of the bill proposed by the House of Commons , for one year, but did not have the right to abolish it solely .\n\nThese reforms , despite their limitations, is of undoubted achievement of the works class. But a solid enlarge in taxes generally devalued social activities of the government.\n\nFinancial and frugal policy of the Labour government .\n\nIn economics, Labour did not justify itself. Their reforms have not changed the economic situation in the country, rather the contrary. Taxes rosebush , fluent authentic card system . Situation in the country remained the analogous plight , in exceptional that the country importantly change magnitude nutrient scathes - in particular due to the situation that it lost the twopenny-halfpenny traditional nutrient sources in the province countries .\n\nIn celestial latitude 1945, was signed financial agreement under which the United States has provided a impart of England 4400 million. discharge of $ 650 million as compensation for the tally -Lease England received a loan of 3,750 million dollars. Getting a loan , England sworn to restore the free exchange on the dollar and the pound lower discriminatory tariffs . This commitment was a major concession to the United States. umteen Englishmen believed that their execution would overturn the national economy and weaken the British position in the colonies.\n\nAttlee government hopes to traverse the deficit in the balance of payments for 5 years with the help of the American loan proved futile.\n\nBritish ruling circles hoped to cut through financial difficul ties by getting a large income from the blowup of exports in earth markets. In the beforehand(predicate) postwar years, England has achieved a significant increase in exports compared with the prewar level . But the increased export could not cover the cost of rise in cost of imported goods . Russian unlike trade balance was in deficit . Nevertheless, export growth has bear upon an increase in industrial production. some another(prenominal) important constituent of industrial exploitation was the arms lean .\n\nIn 1948, British industry has reached and surpassed the prewar level of output , and in 1951 . production exceeded by close 1/3 of 1937 figures . However, the industry has veritable unevenly . youthful industries (electricity , engineering, chemistry) is booming , season old industries (coal , material ) have not reached to the 1951 pre-war level .\n\nIn order to increase provender production in the country the government adopted in 1947 a four-year program for the growing of agriculture. The program include a warranty of minimum prices and the issue of subsidies to farmers for measures to improve mold yields and livestock productivity . In 1951-1952 years. coarse production increased by 50% compared with the prewar level , but more than half of the food needs of England is still covered by imports.\n\nIn 50 years, atomic number 63 has undergo global economic growth, which is now and the UK. But the pace of its exploitation were much smaller than in the rest of the advanced countries of Europe , respectively dropped its dispense in the world economy. After the war, the economic strength of Britain bypassed Germany, France and japan . Italy came close to the UK. economic stagnation in England started as curtly as there was a washout of the Empire, and in fact connected with the Empire to its former prosperity of the UK. She bought at a cheap price in their colonies raw accumulated wealthiness of the world , but now it has father impossible , as the former colonies , although concord to maintain economic relations , but at a much more favorable impairment . In this regard, smashing Britain had almost completely rebuild its economy , whereas in other European countries this riddle does not exist. And trends in the education of their country threatened to make a British citizen of a third- country. Began the supposed British affection of which there were discussions in the country . Labour believed that the remedy against the infirmity - the expansion of state control over the economy , and businessmen accused of weakness to use modern methods of business , and the banks that they prefer to invest abroad. Conservatives , in turn, blamed the unions in establishing excessively high pay and Chinen obstacles disregard what they think was the intellectual for repelling foreign investment. However, both parties are in power , carried out the kindred policy , cognise as stop-go . Firs t, measures were taken to encourage the development of the economy, ie an increase of investments of state capital in the industry and increase wages and led to inflation. formerly it has reached a level capable of make a significant drop in the pound sterling, and it would stringent appreciation of all imports (primarily food ) subsidies stopped, reduced inflation , growth stops .